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Karl Ernst Claus
Karl Ernst Claus (also Karl Klaus or Carl Claus, (ロシア語:Карл Ка́рлович Кла́ус), 23 January 1796 – 24 March 1864) was a Baltic German chemist and naturalist. Claus was a professor at Kazan State University and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was primarily known as a chemist and discoverer of the chemical element ruthenium, but also as one of the first scientists who applied quantitative methods in botany.〔(Клаус, Карл Карлович ) in Волков В.А. ''et al'' "Выдающиеся химики мира: Биографический справочник" Moscow, Высш. шк., 1991 (in Russian)〕〔
==Early life and education==
Karl Claus was born in 1796 in Dorpat (Tartu), Livonia, Russia, as the son of a painter. At the age of four, he lost his father and two years later became an orphan. In 1810, he moved to Saint Petersburg and started working as an assistant in a pharmacy. Although he had not received formal education, at age 21, Claus managed to pass the State exam on the pharmacist at the Military Medical Academy of St. Petersburg, becoming the youngest pharmacist in Russia at that time.〔 Later in 1826, he established his own pharmacy in Kazan.〔(Клаус Карл Карлович ) Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian)〕
In 1821, Claus married Ernestine Bate whom he knew since his youth. They had three daughters born in Kazan and later a son, when they moved back to Tartu.〔
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